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半导体原材料
下载“第Ⅰ章：半导体基础” (PDF:1.2MB)
硅（Si）和锗（Ge）是半导体的主要原材料，属于第IV组。*纯晶体（本征半导体）具有接近绝缘体的特性。然而，加入微量杂质（扩散/掺杂）可显著降低电阻，使其表现出导体的特性。根据添加的杂质类型，可以形成n型和p型半导体。用于形成n型半导体的杂质包括磷（P）、砷（As）和锑（Sb）。用于形成p型半导体的杂质包括硼（B）、镓（Ga）和铟（In）。
化合物半导体由多种元素制成，而硅半导体则由单一元素制成。组合的例子包括第III族和第V族元素、第II族和第VI族元素以及第IV族元素。最近备受关注的宽带隙半导体SiC和GaN也属于化合物半导体。
*：目前，一般使用长周期表，但这里使用短周期表，因为短周期表根据原子的电子层排列，更容易解释作为半导体原材料的元素的性质和行为。在短周期表中，元素组用罗马数字表示，而在长周期表中，元素组用阿拉伯数字表示，其数值也不同。例如，Si既属于第IV族，也属第14族。
