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IGBT的全称为绝缘栅双极晶体管。图(a)显示了IGBT的符号。这是一种结合了MOS作为输入,双极晶体管作为输出的功率晶体管。图(b)显示了IGBT结构的示例。在MOSFET的漏极侧形成了一个P区。当导通时从P区注入空穴内时,高电阻N漂移层的电阻率降低。这种现象称为电导率调制。因此,IGBT是一种即使在高击穿电压下也具有低导通电压的开关晶体管。
尽管其内部等效电路很复杂,但可简化为一个由具有可变导通电阻的N沟道MOSFET和一个二极管串联组成,如图(c)所示。
IGBT是一种适合高电压、大电流应用的理想晶体管。IGBT的额定电压范围为400V至2000V,额定电流范围为5A至1000A(*1),IGBT广泛用于工业应用(例如,逆变器系统和不间断电源(UPS))、消费类应用(例如,空调和电磁炉),以及车载应用(例如,电动汽车(EV)电机控制器)。
(*1) 最高电压6kV和最大电流4500A的IGBT也可用于铁路、高压直流(HVDC)传输和其它大型应用。