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差分放大器的共模输入信号抑制比(CMRR)是一个指标,用于表示其抑制在VIN(-)端和VIN(+)端处具有相同振幅和相位的两个信号或噪声(共模噪声)的能力。用以下等式表示。共模输入信号抑制比的测试电路如图3-5所示。
共模输入电压范围(CMVIN)是指在规定条件下满足规定CMRR的输入电压多范围。东芝的运算放大器数据表中列明了直流条件下的CMRR值。
其中,VIN1和VIN2分别表示CMVIN的最大值和最小值,VOUT1和VOUT2分别表示VIN1端和VIN2端的输出(VO)电压。
从图3-5可以看出,上一节介绍的输入补偿电压(VIO)是特殊条件(VIN=VDD/2)下的CMRR值。
运算放大器的运行方式如第1.2节所述。如图3-6所示,典型运算放大器的差分输入对由P沟道MOSFET组成。随着VIN(+)电压和VIN(-)电压的升高,电流源中Qp3的漏源电压不断降低,导致流向差分输入对和电流镜的电流略微减小。图3-7显示了分立P沟道MOSFET的一个ID-VDS曲线示例。例如,假设最初VDS= -1.5V且ID=80mA。随着MOSFET的漏极电流减小,其漏源电压在饱和区呈非线性变化。
尽管运算放大器IC的内部器件的放置和制造方式保证了MOSFET的均匀性,但其在微观层面并不完全对称。此外,半导体芯片先贴装在封装的金属框架上,再焊接至印刷电路板。因此,施加于运算放大器IC的每个元件上的机械应力略有不同。这些因素导致差分输入对的P沟道MOSFET之间的阈值电压略有不同。因此,漏极电流的减小会导致其漏源电压发生不同的非线性变化。因此,如图3-8所示,输入补偿电压在共模输入电压范围内相对于输入电压(VIN)有一个斜率。因此,CMRR值是在最大和最小共模输入电压下计算得出的。