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图3-3显示了无补偿电压源(VIO)的理想运算放大器。当共模输入电压同时施加于VIN(+)和VIN(-)时,输出(Vo)电压理论上变为VDD/2。但实际上其与VDD/2之间有一个小误差。输入补偿电压(VIO)是在VIN(+)与VIN(-)之间施加的将Vo误差降至零所需的电压。输入补偿电压的定义类似于下一节详细介绍的共模输入信号抑制比(CMRR)的定义。
在实际应用中,输入补偿电压乘以闭环增益(ACL)后会被加入输出电压中。因此,在传感器电路情况下,最大输入补偿电压必须低于其最小灵敏度。
我们来看下输入补偿电压为VIO的运算放大器。如图3-3所示的输入补偿电压测试电路显示,可将该运算放大器视为理想的运算放大器,外部VIo电压源连接至VIN(-)。
VIN(+)电压变为VDD/2。根据虚短概念,VIN(-)电压也变为VDD/2。
因此,R1与R2交叉处的电压变为VDD/2-VIO。在理想运算放大器情况下,I1=I2。
I1=(VDD/2-VIO-VDD/2)/R1=- VIO/R1=I2
VO=VDD/2-VIO+(–VIO/R1)×R2
=VDD/2-VIO×(R1+R2)/R2
可将此公式改写为下列等式,以计算VIO:
VIO=(VDD/2-VO)×R1/(R1+R2)
请注意,电阻器有一定的容限。实际测量时应使用实测电阻值。
VIO是VIN(-)与VIN(+)之间的差分电压。因此,当运算放大器与闭环联用时,将此输入补偿电压(VIO)乘以闭环增益后得到的电压将被添加到理想输出电压中。由于VO电压因器件而异,故在创建电路设计时需考虑最大补偿电压。如果超出系统的容限,则需修改电路结构以减少输入补偿电压的影响或选用输入补偿电压较低的运算放大器。
交流耦合电路是能降低输入补偿电压影响的最简单的电路形式。图3-4显示了一个交流耦合反相放大器。当电容器C1以这种方式连接时,由于输入补偿电压引起的电流不会流经R1。因此,输入补偿电压的直流增益为1,因此对VO的影响较小。