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双极晶体管是一种由pn结组成的晶体管,亦称为双极结型晶体管(BJT)。场效应晶体管为单极器件,而取名双极晶体管的原因是其工作涉及两种电荷载流子——空穴和电子。
由于双极晶体管是首个被发明的晶体管,因此简单地说“晶体管”时,有时是指双极晶体管。
根据结的类型,双极晶体管分为两类,即npn型和pnp型。双极晶体管的结构看起来是对称的。(例如,npn晶体管,基极p区两侧的集电极和发射极为n区,看起来是一样。)然而,集电极和发射极区域中的掺杂浓度完全不同。因此,如果发射极和集电极端子弄反了,双极晶体管的直流电流增益(hFE)会大幅降低,从而无法按预期工作。
当双极晶体管处于放大区时,集电极电流大致为hFE乘以基极电流。因此,可使用放大区来配置放大器电路。
相反,对于饱和区与截止区,可将双极晶体管作为开关,因为饱和区中发射极与集电极之间的电阻很小,截止区中的电流也很小。
相关信息,详见e-learning第3章“晶体管”。
关于双极晶体管的操作,详见常见问题(FAQ)页面“npn晶体管和pnp晶体管的工作原理?”