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双极晶体管(双极结型晶体管:BJT)由集电极、基极和发射极等区域组成,极薄的基极区位于集电极区和发射极区之间。基极区共享两个pn结,每个pn结均具有集电极和发射极。为获得大电流增益,发射极区的掺杂程度比基极区高出几个数量级。这样,两个背对背二极管构成一个双极晶体管。
当每个端子处于指定电压时,集电极吸收的电流是施加至基极的电流的hFE倍。
让我们考虑一下npn晶体管,其中集电极电位高于发射极电位,而基极电位比发射极电位约高出0.7V。换言之,基极-发射极结发生正向偏置,而基极-集电极结发生反向偏置。
当基极-发射极结发生正向偏置时,小电流流入基极,将空穴注入p型掺杂的基极区。因此,这些空穴通过正向偏置的基极-发射极结将电子从发射极区吸引至基极区。由于发射极区为重掺杂区域,因此进入基极区的电子多于空穴,并且一些电子与空穴复合。其余大部分的电子迅速掠过极薄的基极区,并产生集电极电流。
接下来,让我们考虑一下pnp晶体管。假设集电极电位低于发射极电位,基极电位大约比发射极电位低0.7V。如为pnp晶体管,电子被注入n型掺杂的基极区。因此,空穴从发射极区被吸引至基极区。其中一些空穴与注入基极的电子复合。其余空穴分散穿过基极区,到达集电极。