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在讨论肖特基势垒二极管(SBD)之前,我们先了解一下pn结的工作原理,因为它是构成二极管的最基本结。
当p型半导体和n型半导体相连时,它们的费米能级会相等。这会在n型半导体和p型半导体(分别为VCN和VCP)的导带的下边缘之间产生一个电位差。这种电位差称为扩散电位(VD)或内建电位。
电子是n型半导体中的主要电荷载流子,而空穴是p型半导体中的主要电荷载流子。在结附近,n型半导体中的电子和p型半导体中的空穴被吸引并相互结合然后消失,从而形成一个称为耗尽层的区域,该区域中不存在载流子。然后,n型半导体中的一些电子扩散至p型半导体中,因为它们的能量超过了VD。因此,当在VD以上时,两个半导体中的电子密度会相等。同样,p型半导体中的一些空穴扩散至n型半导体中。由于电荷载流子(电子和空穴)扩散而流动的电流称为扩散电流。在结上施加电压(即电场)也会导致漂移电流流动。然而,除耗尽区外,扩散电流占主导地位。当pn结无偏置时,一旦结达到平衡状态,电流就会停止流动。