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IGBT的等效电路如下图所示。当栅极-发射极(G-E)和集电极-发射极(C-E)通路均发生正偏置时,N沟道MOSFET导通,导致漏极电流流动。该漏极电流也流向QPNP的基极并导致IGBT导通。由于QPNP的直流电流增益(α)非常小,因此几乎整个发射极电流(IE(pnp))都作为基极电流(IB(pnp))流动。但部分IE(pnp)会作为集电极电流(IC(pnp))流动。IC(pnp)无法开启QNPN,因为它绕过了QNPN基极和发射极之间插入的RBE。
因此,IGBT的几乎所有集电极电流都通过QPNP的发射极-基极通路作为N沟道MOSFET的漏极电流流动。此时,空穴从QPNP的发射极注入到N通道MOSFET的高电阻漂移层。这导致漂移层的电阻率(Rd(MOS)大大降低,从而降低了导通期间的导通电阻。这种现象称为电导率调制。
关闭栅极(G)信号会导致N沟道MOSFET关断,从而导致IGBT关断。