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通常,在最基本的电路中,运算放大器均用作电压放大器,具体可分为同相放大器和反相放大器。此外,运算放大器还常用作电压跟随器(亦称为“缓冲放大器”,或简称为“缓冲器”)。运算放大器还可配置成许多其它电路,包括差分放大器和积分电路。图1是一个同相放大器示例。R1和R2均为外部电阻。在此电路中,负反馈用于通过R1和R2将一部分输出电压施加至反相输入端。此电路的闭环增益*1(GV)仅用R1和R2表示。便于设置增益是运算放大器的优点之一。
图2显示了一个电压跟随器。在此电压跟随器中,R1为无穷大,R2为零。因此,所有输出电压均施加至反相输入端。由于V+与V-处于虚拟短路*2状态,故输出电压等于输入电压。
电压跟随器通常用作缓冲器,由于输出阻抗低,其可用于阻抗变换。
图3显示了反相放大器。R1和R2均为外部电阻。与同相放大器一样,反相放大器也使用负反馈。因此,可使用图3所示的简单公式计算反相放大器的闭环增益。
*1 请参阅常见问题(FAQ)“什么是运算放大器的开环增益和闭环增益?”
什么是运算放大器的开环增益和闭环增益?
*2 请参阅常见问题(FAQ)“什么是运算放大器虚拟短路?”
什么是运算放大器虚拟短路?
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