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除非印刷电路板设计得当,否则再好的ESD保护二极管也无济于事。
电路板设计注意事项如下:
16-QAM/64-QAM
现代电信系统使用16-QAM、64-QAM或其他调制方式满足高速通信的要求。正交振幅调制(QAM)通过调制两个载波的振幅和相位传输信息。QAM中,星座点通常排列在图7所示矩形网格中,而不是同心网格中。虽然QAM频谱信息密度高,但容易受到噪声和波形失真的影响。
调制方法大致分为幅移键控(ASK)、相移键控(PSK)、频移键控 (FSK)和正交振幅调制(QAM)。
随着模拟数据向数字数据转变,许多通信标准采用了一种称为正交相移键控(QPSK)的调制方法。QPSK使用恒定振幅电平和四个相位电平,将信息以四个符号之一进行传输,每个符号代表两位数据。为了进一步增加频谱信息密度,正在逐步采用更高QAM通道计数的调制方式,如16-QAM和64-QAM。16-QAM沿两个正交方向使用四个振幅电平,将信息以16个符号之一传输,每个符号代表四位数据。64-QAM 沿两个正交方向使用八个振幅电平,将信息以64个符号之一传输,每个符号代表六位数据。
图7调制方法
谐波失真
谐波失真是系统非线性引起的振幅失真。 当放大器增益随输入电压变化以及输入波形被钳位时,就会出现这种情况。
例如,干净的正弦波仅包含一个基波。假设基波受到电路钳位,就会造成谐波失真。谐波频率变为基频的整倍数。图8中,钳位产生奇次谐波,因为正弦波正负两端钳位相同。偶次谐波出现取决于波形失真。