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设金属的功函数为Φm,n型半导体的功函数为Φn。当Φm>Φn时,n型(或p型)半导体与金属接触时形成肖特基结。肖特基结用于制造肖特基势垒二极管。下图是n型半导体和金属形成的肖特基结的能带图。
当电子从较高能级移动至较低能级时,它们会从半导体的导带移动至金属的导带。因此,耗尽区仅延伸至半导体侧。与pn结的情况一样,半导体侧的费米能级与金属侧的费米能级匹配。在平衡状态下,结的扩散势垒等于金属的功函数(Φm)减去n型半导体的功函数(Φn)。
根据费米分布,自由电子分布在n型半导体上。穿过VD势垒的电子流入金属。
施加外部电压不会影响从金属到半导体的势垒,但会导致从半导体到金属的势垒因施加的电压而移动。扩散势垒的这种移动导致流过肖特基势垒二极管的电流发生变化。