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运算放大器(op-amp)是放大两个输入之间电压差的集成电路(IC)
由于它是为执行算术运算而开发的,所以如此命名。放大器、缓冲器、比较器、滤波器等可以用简单的外部电路来实现。
运算放大器有五个端子:正电源、负电源(GND)、同相输入、反相输入和输出。通常,这些端子的命名如下所示。(单电源运算放大器的符号中可能会省略正电源端子和GND端子。)
运算放大器放大同相(IN(+))输入和反相(IN(-))输入之间的电压差。其输出电压按公式1计算,表明输出与VIN(+)同相,与VIN(-)反相。
VOUT=A*( VIN(+)–VIN(-) ) (1)
运算放大器的基本用途就是用作电压放大器或比较器。其还可配置为滤波器、移相器、缓冲器(电压跟随器)等。现今,运算放大器通常用于放大来自各种物联网(IoT)设备和家用电器中传感器的微弱的模拟信号。
运算放大器通常与负反馈一起使用,以减少增益的乘积变化并扩展带宽。运算放大器的典型应用包括同相放大器、反相放大器和电压跟随器,具体配置方式如下所示:
*:闭环增益
可通过几种方法对运算放大器进行分类。例如,基于以下方式:1)制造工艺(双极型和CMOS);2)电源类型(单电源和双电源);3)输入电路(差分P沟道MOSFET对、差分N沟道MOSFET对、轨到轨输入等);及4)电气特性(低输入补偿、低电流消耗、低噪声等)。另外,运算放大器也可根据其应用进行分类。详细信息,请参考常见问题(FAQ) “有哪些类型的运算放大器可供使用?”
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