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二极管具有两个端子,阳极和阴极。电流是否流动取决于施加于这些端子的电压方向。该操作叫做整流,也是二极管的基本操作。
二极管有两个端子:阳极(正极)和阴极(负极)。
当阳极电压高于阴极电压并且这种电压差超过数据表中规定的数值(对于硅pn结二极管,约为0.7V)时,二极管会传导电流。当阳极与阴极之间的电位差小于此值时,二极管不会传导电流。此动作称为整流。这种二极管特性可用于将直流电流转换为交流电流(AC-DC转换)、电池反接保护(反向电流保护)和无线电波检测的整流电路。
阳极端子高于阴极端子的偏置状态称为正向偏置,阳极端子低于阴极端子的偏置状态称为反向偏置。
当向二极管施加反向偏置电压并且该电压增大时,在称为击穿电压的电压下电流突然流动。击穿电压几乎恒定不变并且与电流无关。利用此特性,二极管也用于恒压电路,现用于静电放电(ESD)和浪涌保护。然而,典型的二极管在击穿区域工作时会发生性能退化和永久损坏。因此,有必要针对这些应用使用专门的二极管,例如齐纳二极管或ESD保护二极管。
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