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反向击穿电压由齐纳击穿或雪崩击穿决定。
齐纳击穿
当pn结反向偏置时,耗尽层延伸穿过pn结。电场造成耗尽层内p型区价带与n型区导带之间的间隙减小。因此,由于量子隧穿效应,电子从p型区价带隧穿到n型区导带。齐纳击穿是电子隧穿耗尽区导致反向电流突然增加的现象。齐纳击穿如图1.3所示。
雪崩击穿
当pn反向偏置时,少量电子通过pn结。这些电子在耗尽层被电场加速,获得较大动能。加速电子与晶格中的原子碰撞电离产生电子空穴。这些原子的电子被激发到导带并脱离,成为自由电子。自由电子也加速并与其他原子碰撞,产生更多的电子-空穴对,导致电子进一步脱离的过程。这种现象称为雪崩击穿。
雪崩击穿和齐纳击穿对比
高击穿电压二极管掺杂浓度低,因此形成宽耗尽层(禁带)。相反,低击穿电压二极管掺杂浓度高,所以它们形成窄耗尽层(禁带)。二极管耗尽层宽时,不太可能发生电子隧穿(齐纳击穿),主要为雪崩击穿。高掺杂浓度二极管耗尽层窄,更容易发生齐纳击穿。随着温度上升,禁带(Eg)宽度减小,从而产生齐纳效应。此外,随着温度升高,半导体晶格振动增加,载流子迁移率相应下降。因此,不太可能发生雪崩击穿。齐纳击穿电压随温度升高减小,而雪崩击穿电压随温度升高增加。通常,大多数情况下,齐纳击穿电压约为6V以下,雪崩击穿电压约为6V以上。请注意,即使同一产品系列的二极管,温度特性也不一样。