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PC和其他设备的电源单元包含多个直流电源。由电源单元提供的电源线被称为电源轨。从电源线的最大电压(VCC)到其最小电压(GND 或最小负电压,VEE)的整个范围称为轨到轨。
通常,PC和其它设备的电源单元包含多个直流电源。由电源单元提供的电源线称为电源轨。
从电源线的最大电压(VCC)到其最小电压(GND或最小负电压,VEE)的整个范围称为轨对轨。
具有几乎涵盖GND-VCC或VEE-to-VCC范围的共模输入电压范围的运算放大器称为轨对轨输入运算放大器(或全振幅运算放大器)。
输出级也可为轨对轨。具有轨对轨输入和输出电压范围的运算放大器称为轨对轨输入/输出运算放大器。
大多数常规运算放大器的差分输入级由P沟道MOSFET组成。当输入电压接近VDD时,具有由P沟道MOSFET组成的差分输入对的运算放大器无法提供正常输出,因为电流源进入线性区域,增益衰减。
当输入电压接近GND时,具有由N沟道MOSFET组成的差分输入对的运算放大器不提供正常输出。
相反,具有由P沟道MOSFET组成的差分输入对的运算放大器即使在输入电压接近GND时也能提供正常输出。
轨对轨输入运算放大器的输入级由并联的一个N沟道差分MOSFET对和一个P沟道差分MOSFET对组成,几乎涵盖了从GND到VDD的整个电压范围。
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